Viral Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, caused by a viral infection. Common viruses that can lead to meningitis include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, mumps virus, and HIV. The infection leads to inflammation, swelling, and an increased number of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid, causing symptoms such as headache, fever, and neck stiffness.
Clinical Evaluation
Patient History: Review of symptoms, recent illnesses, and possible exposure to viruses.
Physical Examination: Assessment for signs of meningitis, such as neck stiffness, photophobia, and neurological deficits.
Diagnostic Tests
Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): Collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis to confirm the diagnosis and identify the causative virus.
Blood Tests: To check for signs of infection and inflammation, including complete blood count (CBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Testing of CSF for viral DNA or RNA to identify the specific virus causing the infection.
Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans to rule out other causes of symptoms and to check for complications such as brain swelling.
Sudden onset of severe headache.
Fever.
Stiff neck.
Sensitivity to light (photophobia).
Nausea and vomiting.
Confusion or altered mental status.
Fatigue and drowsiness.
In infants: irritability, poor feeding, and bulging fontanel (soft spot on the head).
Treatment for viral meningitis focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the patient's recovery.
Rest: Ensuring adequate rest to help the body fight off the infection.
Hydration: Maintaining proper fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
Pain Relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce headache and fever.
Antiviral Medications: In some cases, specific antiviral drugs may be prescribed, especially for herpes simplex virus or varicella-zoster virus infections.
Hospitalization: Severe cases may require hospitalization for close monitoring and supportive care.
Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular follow-up with healthcare providers to monitor recovery and manage any complications.